第四编 人 格 权
Part 4 Personality Rights

第一章 一 般 规 定
CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
第九百八十九条 本编调整因人格权的享有和保护产生的民事关系。
Article 989 This Part governs civil relationships arising from the enjoyment and protection of
rights to personality.
第九百九十条
人格权是民事主体享有的生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、名称权、肖像权、名誉权、荣
誉权、隐私权等权利。
Article 990 Personality rights are the right to life, physical rights, health rights, name rights,
name rights, portrait rights, reputation rights, honor rights, privacy rights, and other rights to which a civil subject is entitled.
除前款规定的人格权外，自然人享有基于人身自由、人格尊严产生的其他人格权益。
Except for the personality rights provided in the preceding paragraph, a natural person shall
enjoy other personality rights and interests generated from personal freedom and personal
dignity.
第九百九十一条 民事主体的人格权受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵害。
Article 991 The right of personality of civil subjects shall be protected by the law; no
organization or individual may infringe such right.
第九百九十二条 人格权不得放弃、转让或者继承。
Article 992 Personality rights shall not be renounced, transferred or inherited.
第九百九十三条
民事主体可以将自己的姓名、名称、肖像等许可他人使用，但是依照法律规定或者根据其性质不得许可的除外。
Article 993 A civil subject may license others to use his or her name, title, portrait, etc., except
where such license is not allowed according to the law or the nature of the civil subject.
第九百九十四条
死者的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉、隐私、遗体等受到侵害的，其配偶、子女、父母有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任；死者没有配偶、子女且父母已经死亡的，其他近亲属有权依法请求行为人承担民事责任。
Article 994 Where the name, portrait, reputation, honor, privacy or remains of the deceased is
infringed upon, his spouse, children or parents shall have the right to request the actor to bear civil
liability according to law. Where the deceased has no spouse or children and his parents are dead,
other close relatives shall have the right to request the actor to bear civil liability according to law.
第九百九十五条 人格权受到侵害的，受害人有权依照本法和其他法律的规定请求行
为人承担民事责任。受害人的停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险、消除影响、恢复名誉、
赔礼道歉请求权，不适用诉讼时效的规定。
Article 995 Where the personal rights are infringed, the victim shall have the right to request
the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with the provisions of this Law and other laws. The
provisions on the limitation of action shall not apply to a victim's rights to request for cessation of an infringement, removal of an obstacle, elimination of danger, elimination of impact, restoration of reputation or extension of an apology.
第九百九十六条
因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人格权并造成严重精神损害，受损害方选择请求其承担
违约责任的，不影响受损害方请求精神损害赔偿。
Article 996 Where a party's breach of contract harms the other party's personality and causes
serious mental impairment, and the aggrieved party opts to request such party to assume liability for
breach of contract, the aggrieved party's request for emotional damages shall not be affected.
第九百九十七条
民事主体有证据证明行为人正在实施或者即将实施侵害其人格权的违法行为，不及时制止将
使其合法权益受到难以弥补的损害的，有权依法向人民法院申请采取责令行为人停止有关行
为的措施。
Article 997 Where a civil subject has evidence to prove that an actor is committing or is
going to commit an illegal act that infringes upon its personality, and its legitimate rights and interests will suffer irreparable damage if such act is not stopped promptly, it has the right to
apply to the people's court for ordering the actor to cease the relevant act.
第九百九十八条
认定行为人承担侵害除生命权、身体权和健康权外的人格权的民事责任，应当考虑行为人和受害人的职业、影响范围、过错程度，以及行为的目的、方式、后果等因素。
Article 998 In determining an actor's civil liability for infringing upon personality rights other
than the right to life, personal rights and health rights, such factors as the occupation, scope of
influence, degree of fault of the actor and the victim, as well as the purpose, method and
consequence of the conduct shall be considered.
第九百九十九条
为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为的，可以合理使用民事主体的姓名、名称、肖像
、个人信息等；使用不合理侵害民事主体人格权的，应当依法承担民事责任。
Article 999 Persons who carry out news reporting, public opinion supervision etc. for public
interest may make reasonable use of the name, title, portrait, personal information etc. of a civil entity;
persons who use unreasonably to infringe upon the personality rights of a civil entity shall bear civil
liability pursuant to the law.
第一千条
行为人因侵害人格权承担消除影响、恢复名誉、赔礼道歉等民事责任的，应当与行为的具体方式和造成的影响范围相当。
Article 1,000 The assumption of such civil liabilities as elimination of ill effects, rehabilitation
of reputation and apology by an actor due to infringement upon the right of personality shall be in
line with the specific way of the act and the scope of influence.
行为人拒不承担前款规定的民事责任的，人民法院可以采取在报刊、网络等媒体上
发布公告或者公布生效裁判文书等方式执行，产生的费用由行为人负担。
If the actor refuses to bear the civil liability prescribed in the preceding paragraph, the
people's court may enforce the judgment or ruling at the cost of the actor, by publishing an
announcement in the newspapers, the Internet or other media or by publishing the effective
judgment.
第一千零一条
对自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的身份权利的保护，适用本法第一编、第五编和其他法律的
相关规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编人格权保护的有关规定。
Article 101 For the protection of the status rights of natural persons arising from marriage and
family relations, the relevant provisions of Part 1 and Part 5 of this Law and other laws shall apply; if there is no provision, the relevant provisions of this Part on the protection of rights of personality
may apply by reference according to the nature thereof.
第二章 生命权、身体权和健康权
Chapter 2 Right to Life, Right to Body and Right to Health
第一千零二条 自然人享有生命权。自然人的生命安全和生命尊严受法律保护。任何
组织或者个人不得侵害他人的生命权。
Article 1102 A natural person shall enjoy the right to life. The safety and dignity of life of
natural persons are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the right to
life of any other person.
第一千零三条
自然人享有身体权。自然人的身体完整和行动自由受法律保护。任何组织或者个人不得侵害
他人的身体权。
Article 103 A natural person enjoys bodily rights. Physical integrity and freedom of movement
of natural persons are protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon the bodily
rights of others.
第一千零四条 自然人享有健康权。自然人的身心健康受法律保护。任何组织或者个
人不得侵害他人的健康权。
Article 104 A natural person shall enjoy the right to health. The physical and mental health of
natural persons is protected by law. No organization or individual may infringe upon others' right to
health.
第一千零五条
自然人的生命权、身体权、健康权受到侵害或者处于其他危难情形的，负有法定救助义务的
组织或者个人应当及时施救。
Article 105 Where the right to life, physical rights or health of a natural person is infringed
upon or is in other dangerous situations, the organization or individual that is obliged to rescue in
accordance with the law shall rescue him/her without delay.
第一千零六条
完全民事行为能力人有权依法自主决定无偿捐献其人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。
任何组织或者个人不得强迫、欺骗、利诱其捐献。
Article 106 A person with full capacity for civil conduct shall have the right to decide on
his/her own voluntary donation of human cells, human tissues, human organs or body pursuant to the
law. No organization or individual may force, cheat or induce the benefactor to donate.
完全民事行为能力人依据前款规定同意捐献的，应当采用书面形式，也可以订立遗嘱。
If the person with full capacity for civil conduct agrees to donate the human organ
mentioned in the preceding paragraph, he shall make the donation in writing or make a will.
自然人生前未表示不同意捐献的，该自然人死亡后，其配偶、成年子女、父母可以
共同决定捐献，决定捐献应当采用书面形式。
If a natural person does not express disapproval to donate during his lifetime, his spouse,
adult children and parents may jointly decide to donate the human organ after his death. The
decision on donation shall be made in writing.
第一千零七条 禁止以任何形式买卖人体细胞、人体组织、人体器官、遗体。
Article 107 It is prohibited to purchase or sell human cells, human tissues, human organs or
corpses in any form.
违反前款规定的买卖行为无效。
Any purchase or sale in violation of the preceding paragraph shall be null and void.
第一千零八条
为研制新药、医疗器械或者发展新的预防和治疗方法，需要进行临床试验的，应当依法经相关主管部门批准并经伦理委员会审查同意，向受试者或者受试者的监护人告知试验目的、用途和可能产生的风险等详细情况，并经其书面同意。
Article 108 Where clinical trials are required to develop new drugs and medical devices or new
prophylactic and treatment methods, such clinical trials shall be approved by the relevant competent
departments in accordance with the law and shall be subject to the examination and approval of the
ethics committee. The subjects or their guardians shall be informed of the purpose, purpose, possible
risks and other details of the trials and shall be subject to the written consent of the ethics committee.
进行临床试验的，不得向受试者收取试验费用。
To conduct a clinical trial, no charge may be collected from the human subjects.
第一千零九条
从事与人体基因、人体胚胎等有关的医学和科研活动的，应当遵守法律、行政法规和国家有
关规定，不得危害人体健康，不得违背伦理道德，不得损害公共利益。
Article 109 Persons engaged in medical and scientific research activities related to human
genes or human embryos shall abide by the laws, administrative regulations and the relevant
provisions of the State, and shall not endanger human health, violate ethics or damage public
interests.
第一千零一十条
违背他人意愿，以言语、文字、图像、肢体行为等方式对他人实施性骚扰的，受害人有权依
法请求行为人承担民事责任。
Article 1010 Where a person acts sexually harassing another person in words, words, images,
physical behaviors or otherwise against the will of the person, the victim has the right to request the
person to bear civil liability according to the law.
机关、企业、学校等单位应当采取合理的预防、受理投诉、调查处置等措施，防止
和制止利用职权、从属关系等实施性骚扰。
Agencies, enterprises, schools etc. shall adopt reasonable prevention, acceptance and
handling of complaints, investigation and handling measures etc. to prevent and curb sexual
harassment by making use of official powers and affiliation etc.
第一千零一十一条
以非法拘禁等方式剥夺、限制他人的行动自由，或者非法搜查他人身体的，受害人有权依法
请求行为人承担民事责任。
Article 1011 Where a person is deprived of or restricted in his freedom of movement by such
means as illegal detention, or makes an illegal body search of another person, the victim shall have
the right to request the person committing the act to bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第三章 姓名权和名称权
Chapter 3 Rights Relating to Names and Rights Relating to Names
第一千零一十二条
自然人享有姓名权，有权依法决定、使用、变更或者许可他人使用自己的姓名，但是不得违
背公序良俗。
Article 1012 A natural person shall enjoy the right to a name and shall be entitled to determine,
use, change or license others to use his/her name in accordance with the law, provided that the public
order and good morals are not violated.
第一千零一十三条
法人、非法人组织享有名称权，有权依法决定、使用、变更、转让或者许可他人使用自己的
名称。
Article 1013 A legal person or an unincorporated association shall enjoy the naming rights and
shall be entitled to determine, use, change, transfer or license others to use its own name in
accordance with the law.
第一千零一十四条 任何组织或者个人不得以干涉、盗用、假冒等方式侵害他人的姓
名权或者名称权。
Article 1014 No organization or individual may infringe upon the right to a name or the naming
rights of others by interference, usurpation, imitation or other means.
第一千零一十五条
自然人应当随父姓或者母姓，但是有下列情形之一的，可以在父姓和母姓之外选取姓氏：
Article 1015 A natural person shall adopt his or her father's or mother's surname, but may
choose a surname other than that of his or her father or mother under any of the following
circumstances:
（一）选取其他直系长辈血亲的姓氏；
1. choose the surname of a senior lineal relative by blood;
（二）因由法定扶养人以外的人扶养而选取扶养人姓氏；
(II) choose the surname of the fosterer where he or she is raised by a person other than the
legal fosterers; and
（三）有不违背公序良俗的其他正当理由。
(III) where there is any other justified reason not in violation of public order and good
morals.
少数民族自然人的姓氏可以遵从本民族的文化传统和风俗习惯。
The surnames of natural persons of ethnic minorities may follow the cultural traditions and
customs of their own ethnic groups.
第一千零一十六条
自然人决定、变更姓名，或者法人、非法人组织决定、变更、转让名称的，应当依法向有关
机关办理登记手续，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 1016 Where a natural person decides on or changes his/her name, or a legal person or
an unincorporated association decides on, changes or assigns its name, registration formalities shall
be completed with the relevant authorities in accordance with the law, unless otherwise stipulated by
the law.
民事主体变更姓名、名称的，变更前实施的民事法律行为对其具有法律约束力。
Where a civil subject changes its name or title, the civil juristic acts performed by it before
such change shall be legally binding.
第一千零一十七条 具有一定社会知名度，被他人使用足以造成公众混淆的笔名、艺
名、网名、译名、字号、姓名和名称的简称等，参照适用姓名权和名称权保护的有关规
定。
Article 1017 For a pen name, stage name, website name, translated name, trade name,
abbreviation of a name, etc., which enjoys certain social popularity and is used by others enough to
cause public confusion, the relevant provisions on the protection of the rights of name and naming
rights shall apply mutatis mutandis.
第四章 肖 像 权
Chapter 4 Pictorial Rights
第一千零一十八条
自然人享有肖像权，有权依法制作、使用、公开或者许可他人使用自己的肖像。
Article 1018 A natural person shall enjoy the right of portrait and shall be entitled to make, use,
make public, or permit others to use his own portrait.
肖像是通过影像、雕塑、绘画等方式在一定载体上所反映的特定自然人可以被识别
的外部形象。
Portrait is an external image that can be recognized by a specific natural person reflected on
a certain carrier by means of image, sculpture and painting.
第一千零一十九条
任何组织或者个人不得以丑化、污损，或者利用信息技术手段伪造等方式侵害他人的肖像权
。未经肖像权人同意，不得制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 1019 No organization or individual may infringe upon any other person's right to
portrait by vilifying, defacing, forging by means of information technology or otherwise. Without the
consent of a person entitled to portrait, the portrait of such person shall not be produced, used or
made public, unless otherwise provided by law.
未经肖像权人同意，肖像作品权利人不得以发表、复制、发行、出租、展览等方式
使用或者公开肖像权人的肖像。
Without the consent of a person entitled to portrait, the holder of rights to portrait works
shall not use or make public the portrait of such person by means of publication, reproduction,
distribution, lease, exhibition, etc.
第一千零二十条 合理实施下列行为的，可以不经肖像权人同意：
Article 1020 The consent of a person entitled to portrait is not required for reasonable
implementation of any of the following acts:
（一）为个人学习、艺术欣赏、课堂教学或者科学研究，在必要范围内使用肖像权
人已经公开的肖像；
1. using a public portrait of a person with the right of portrait within a necessary scope for
the purpose of personal study, artistic appreciation, classroom teaching or scientific research;
（二）为实施新闻报道，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(II) producing, using or making public the portrait of a person entitled to portrait inevitably
for the purpose of news report;
（三）为依法履行职责，国家机关在必要范围内制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(III) for the purpose of performing duties in accordance with the law, producing, using or
making public the portrait of a person entitled to portrait within the necessary scope;
（四）为展示特定公共环境，不可避免地制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像；
(IV) Inevitably producing, using or making public the portrait of a person entitled to
portrait for the purpose of displaying the specific public environment;
（五）为维护公共利益或者肖像权人合法权益，制作、使用、公开肖像权人的肖像
的其他行为。
(V) Other acts of making, using or making public the portrait of a person entitled to
portrait, for the purpose of safeguarding public interests or the legitimate rights and interests of
the person.
第一千零二十一条
当事人对肖像许可使用合同中关于肖像使用条款的理解有争议的，应当作出有利于肖像权人
的解释。
Article 1021 Where any dispute arises between the parties over the understanding of any term
on the use of a portrait under a portrait licensing contract, an interpretation in favor of the holder of
the right to portrait shall be made.
第一千零二十二条
当事人对肖像许可使用期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，任何一方当事人可以随时解除肖像
许可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。
Article 1022 Where there are no stipulations between the parties on the duration of the license
for using a portrait or such stipulations are unclear, any of the parties may rescind the contract for the license for using a portrait at any time, but shall notify the other party a reasonable time in advance.
当事人对肖像许可使用期限有明确约定，肖像权人有正当理由的，可以解除肖像许
可使用合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可
归责于肖像权人的事由外，应当赔偿损失。
Where the parties concerned have expressly agreed upon the term of license for use of the
portrait, and the holder of the right to portrait has justified reasons, the contract for license for
use of portrait may be rescinded, provided that the other party shall be notified before a
reasonable term. The party causing losses to the other party due to the rescission of the contract
shall compensate for such losses, except for causes not attributable to the holder of the right to
portrait.
第一千零二十三条 对姓名等的许可使用，参照适用肖像许可使用的有关规定。
Article 1023 The relevant provisions on license for use of portrait shall apply mutatis mutandis
to the license for use of names and so on.
对自然人声音的保护，参照适用肖像权保护的有关规定。
The relevant provisions on protection of rights to portrait shall apply as reference to
protection of voices of natural persons.
第五章 名誉权和荣誉权
Chapter 5 Rights of reputation and honor
第一千零二十四条 民事主体享有名誉权。任何组织或者个人不得以侮辱、诽谤等方
式侵害他人的名誉权。
Article 1024 A civil subject shall enjoy the right of reputation. No organization or individual
may infringe upon a person's rights to reputation by such means as insult or libel.
名誉是对民事主体的品德、声望、才能、信用等的社会评价。
Reputation is the social evaluation of the moral character, prestige, ability and credit of the
civil subject.
第一千零二十五条
行为人为公共利益实施新闻报道、舆论监督等行为，影响他人名誉的，不承担民事责任，但
是有下列情形之一的除外：
Article 1025 If an actor commits an act of news reporting or public opinion supervision for the
public interest, thus affecting the reputation of another person, he shall not bear civil liability, except
under any of the following circumstances:
（一）捏造、歪曲事实；
1. Fabricate or distort the facts;
（二）对他人提供的严重失实内容未尽到合理核实义务；
(II) Where the service provider fails to fulfill its obligation of reasonable verification of
seriously inaccurate contents provided by others;
（三）使用侮辱性言辞等贬损他人名誉。
(III) Using insulting words to belittle the reputation of others.
第一千零二十六条
认定行为人是否尽到前条第二项规定的合理核实义务，应当考虑下列因素：
Article 1026 The following factors shall be considered in determining whether or not an actor
has fulfilled the obligation of reasonable verification as prescribed in Item 2 of the preceding Article:
（一）内容来源的可信度；
1. Credibility of the source of content;
（二）对明显可能引发争议的内容是否进行了必要的调查；
(II) whether necessary investigations have been made into the content that is obviously
likely to cause a dispute; and
（三）内容的时限性；
(III) timeliness of the content;
（四）内容与公序良俗的关联性；
(IV) relevance between contents and public order and good morals;
（五）受害人名誉受贬损的可能性；
(V) the possibility that the victim's reputation may be defamed;
（六）核实能力和核实成本。
(VI) Verification Capability and Verification Cost
第一千零二十七条
行为人发表的文学、艺术作品以真人真事或者特定人为᧿述对象，含有侮辱、诽谤内容，侵害他人名誉权的，受害人有权依法请求该行为人承担民事责任。
Article 1027 If a literary or artistic work published by an actor uses a real person, a real
fact or a specific person as the subject of description to insult or slander others and thus infringes
upon the rights to reputation of others, the victim shall have the right to request the actor to bear civil liability in accordance with the law.
行为人发表的文学、艺术作品不以特定人为᧿述对象，仅其中的情节与该特定人的
情况相似的，不承担民事责任。
If a literary or artistic work published by an actor does not take a specific person as the
object of description but has circumstances similar to those of such specific person, he shall not
bear civil liability.
第一千零二十八条
民事主体有证据证明报刊、网络等媒体报道的内容失实，侵害其名誉权的，有权请求该媒体
及时采取更正或者删除等必要措施。
Article 1028 Where a civil subject has evidence to prove that any content reported by
newspapers, periodicals, the internet or other media is inaccurate, thereby infringing its right of
reputation, it shall have the right to request the media to promptly take necessary measures to correct
or delete the content.
第一千零二十九条 民事主体可以依法查询自己的信用评价；发现信用评价不当的，
有权提出异议并请求采取更正、删除等必要措施。信用评价人应当及时核查，经核查属
实的，应当及时采取必要措施。
Article 1029 A civil subject may inquire about its own credit rating according to the law; if it
finds that any credit rating is improper, it has the right to raise an objection and request necessary
measures such as corrections or deletions. The credit evaluator shall conduct the verification in a
timely manner, and take necessary measures in a timely manner if the verification is true.
第一千零三十条
民事主体与征信机构等信用信息处理者之间的关系，适用本编有关个人信息保护的规定和其
他法律、行政法规的有关规定。
Article 1030 The relationship between civil subjects and credit information processors such as
credit reporting agencies shall be governed by the provisions of this Part on personal information
protection and the relevant provisions of other laws and administrative regulations.
第一千零三十一条 民事主体享有荣誉权。任何组织或者个人不得非法剥夺他人的荣誉称号，不得诋毁、贬损他人的荣誉。
Article 1031 A civil subject shall enjoy the right of honor. No organization or individual may
unlawfully deprive other people of their honorary titles, or defame or belittle their honors.
获得的荣誉称号应当记载而没有记载的，民事主体可以请求记载；获得的荣誉称号
记载错误的，民事主体可以请求更正。
Where an honorary title obtained shall be recorded but has not been recorded, the civil
subject may request such record; where an honorary title obtained is recorded incorrectly, the
civil subject may request a correction.
第六章 隐私权和个人信息保护
Chapter 6 Right to Privacy and Protection of Personal Information
第一千零三十二条
自然人享有隐私权。任何组织或者个人不得以刺探、侵扰、泄露、公开等方式侵害他人的隐
私权。
Article 1032 A natural person shall enjoy the right of privacy. No organization or individual
may infringe upon the privacy of any other person by spying, invading and harassing, disclosing or
disclosing the relevant information or by any other means.
隐私是自然人的私人生活安宁和不愿为他人知晓的私密空间、私密活动、私密信息。
Privacy is a natural person's private life peace and do not want to know for others private
space, private activities, private information.
第一千零三十三条
除法律另有规定或者权利人明确同意外，任何组织或者个人不得实施下列行为：
Article 1033 Unless otherwise prescribed by the law or specifically agreed by the rights
holders, no organization or individual may carry out any of the following acts:
（一）以电话、短信、即时通讯工具、电子邮件、传单等方式侵扰他人的私人生活
安宁；
1. disturbing the private peace of others by means of telephone, text message, instant
messaging tools, e-mails, leaflets, etc.;
（二）进入、拍摄、窥视他人的住宅、宾馆房间等私密空间；
(II) Entering, shooting or peeping into the private spaces of others' houses or hotel rooms;
（三）拍摄、窥视、窃听、公开他人的私密活动；
(III) Photographing, peeping, eavesdropping, or making public the private activities of
others;
（四）拍摄、窥视他人身体的私密部位；
(IV) taking photos of or peeping at private parts of others' bodies;
（五）处理他人的私密信息；
(V) Dealing with the confidential information of others;
（六）以其他方式侵害他人的隐私权。
(VI) infringing upon the privacy of others by other means.
第一千零三十四条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。
Article 1034 The personal information of a natural person shall be protected by the law.
个人信息是以电子或者其他方式记录的能够单独或者与其他信息结合识别特定自然
人的各种信息，包括自然人的姓名、出生日期、身份证件号码、生物识别信息、住址、
电话号码、电子邮箱、健康信息、行踪信息等。
Personal information refers to all kinds of information recorded by electronic or otherwise
that can be used to independently identify or be combined with other information to identify
specific natural persons, including the natural persons' names, dates of birth, ID numbers,
biometric information, addresses, telephone numbers, e-mail addresses, health information,
whereabouts, etc.
个人信息中的私密信息，适用有关隐私权的规定；没有规定的，适用有关个人信息保护的规定。
For the confidential information included in personal information, the provisions on privacy
rights shall apply; if no provisions are available, the provisions on personal information
protection shall apply.
第一千零三十五条
处理个人信息的，应当遵循合法、正当、必要原则，不得过度处理，并符合下列条件：
Article 1035 The handling of personal information shall be subject to the principle of
legitimacy, rightfulness and necessity, shall not involve excessive handling and shall meet the
following conditions:
（一）征得该自然人或者其监护人同意，但是法律、行政法规另有规定的除外；
1. unless otherwise provided by laws or administrative regulations, with the consent of the
natural person or the guardian thereof; and
（二）公开处理信息的规则；
(II) rules on disclosure of processing information;
（三）明示处理信息的目的、方式和范围；
(III) to expressly state the purpose, method and scope of information treatment;
（四）不违反法律、行政法规的规定和双方的约定。
(IV) The provision of the laws and administrative regulations and the agreement of both
parties shall not be violated.
个人信息的处理包括个人信息的收集、存储、使用、加工、传输、提供、公开等。
Personal information processing includes the collection, storage, use, processing,
transmission, provision and disclosure of Personal information, etc.
第一千零三十六条 处理个人信息，有下列情形之一的，行为人不承担民事责任：
Article 1036 Where the handling of personal information falls under any of the following
circumstances, the actor concerned shall not bear civil liability:
（一）在该自然人或者其监护人同意的范围内合理实施的行为；
1. Acts performed reasonably within the scope agreed by the natural person or his or her
guardian;
（二）合理处理该自然人自行公开的或者其他已经合法公开的信息，但是该自然人明确拒绝或者处理该信息侵害其重大利益的除外；
(II) Deal reasonably with the information made public by the natural person himself or
herself or other information that has been legally made public, unless the natural person
explicitly refuses to do so or deals with the circumstance where such information infringes upon
his or her major interests; and
（三）为维护公共利益或者该自然人合法权益，合理实施的其他行为。
(III) Other reasonable acts performed to protect the public interests or the legitimate rights
and interests of the natural persons.
第一千零三十七条
自然人可以依法向信息处理者查阅或者复制其个人信息；发现信息有错误的，有权提出异议
并请求及时采取更正等必要措施。
Article 1037 A natural person may consult or copy his/her personal information with any
information processor in accordance with the law; if any error is found in the information, the natural
person has the right to raise an objection and request the information processor to take necessary
measures such as corrections in a timely manner.
自然人发现信息处理者违反法律、行政法规的规定或者双方的约定处理其个人信息
的，有权请求信息处理者及时删除。
Where a natural person discovers that an information processor has processed his/her
personal information in violation of the provisions of laws and administrative regulations or the
agreement between both parties, he/she shall have the right to request that the information
processor promptly delete the information.
第一千零三十八条
信息处理者不得泄露或者篡改其收集、存储的个人信息；未经自然人同意，不得向他人非法
提供其个人信息，但是经过加工无法识别特定个人且不能复原的除外。
Article 1038 Information processors shall not divulge or tamper with personal information
collected or stored by them; without the consent of a natural person, information processors shall not
illegally provide personal information of such person to others, except for information that has been
processed and cannot be identified with specific persons and cannot be restored.
信息处理者应当采取技术措施和其他必要措施，确保其收集、存储的个人信息安全，防止信息泄露、篡改、丢失；发生或者可能发生个人信息泄露、篡改、丢失的，应当
及时采取补救措施，按照规定告知自然人并向有关主管部门报告。
An information processor shall take technical measures and other necessary measures to
ensure the security of the personal information it collects and stores and to prevent the
information from being divulged, tampered with or lost; where personal information has been or
may be divulged, tampered with or lost, it shall take remedial measures in a timely manner,
inform the natural person concerned in accordance with the provisions and report the case to the
relevant competent department.
第一千零三十九条
国家机关、承担行政职能的法定机构及其工作人员对于履行职责过程中知悉的自然人的隐私
和个人信息，应当予以保密，不得泄露或者向他人非法提供。
Article 1039 State organs, statutory agencies with administrative functions and their staff shall keep confidential the privacy and personal information of natural persons that come into their knowledge during the performance of duties, and shall not divulge the same or illegally provide the same to others.