【Title】 Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of the Company Law of the People's Republic of China (III) [Effective]
【法规标题】最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定(三) [现行有效]
【法宝引证码】CLI.3.145141(EN)
Date Issued: 01-27-2011
Effective date: 02-16-2011
Issuing authority: Supreme People's Court
Area of law: Companies
   发布日期： 2011-01-27
生效日期： 2011-02-16
发布部门： 最高人民法院
类别： 公司    
    
 
   Announcement of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China

The Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of the company law of the People's Republic of China (III), which were adopted at the 1504th meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on December 6, 2010, are hereby promulgated and shall come into force on February 16, 2011.

January 27, 2011

Provisions of the Supreme People's Court on Several Issues concerning the Application of the company law of the People's Republic of China (III)

(Adopted at the 1504th meeting of the Judicial Committee of the Supreme People's Court on December 6, 2010, Judicial Interpretation No.3 [2011] of the Supreme People's Court)

To correctly apply the company law of the People's Republic of China, and in light of the trial practice, some provisions have been formulated as follows on the application of law by the people's courts in the hearing of disputes over the establishment of companies, capital contributions, confirmation of equities, etc.:

   中华人民共和国最高人民法院公告

　　最高人民法院《关于适用〈中华人民共和国公司法〉若干问题的规定（三）》已于2010年12月6日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1504次会议通过，现予公布，自2011年2月16日施行。

　　二○一一年一月二十七日

最高人民法院关于适用《中华人民共和国公司法》若干问题的规定（三）
（法释〔2011〕3号）

　　为正确适用《中华人民共和国公司法》，结合审判实践，就人民法院审理公司设立、出资、股权确认等纠纷案件适用法律问题作出如下规定。
 
Article 1 Whoever concludes the articles of association for the purpose of establishing a company, subscribes to capital contributions or shares and performs the duties of establishing the company shall be deemed as a promoter of the company, including the shareholders at the time of establishment of a limited liability company. 

   　　第一条　为设立公司而签署公司章程、向公司认购出资或者股份并履行公司设立职责的人，应当认定为公司的发起人，包括有限责任公司设立时的股东。
 
Article 2 Where a promoter concludes a contract with anyone else in his own name for the purpose of establishing a company, if that person claims that the promoter shall bear contractual liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where the contract as prescribed in the preceding paragraph is confirmed after the company is established, or the contractual rights have been actually enjoyed or the contractual obligations have been actually performed, if the other party to the contract claims that the company shall bear contractual liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第二条　发起人为设立公司以自己名义对外签订合同，合同相对人请求该发起人承担合同责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　公司成立后对前款规定的合同予以确认，或者已经实际享有合同权利或者履行合同义务，合同相对人请求公司承担合同责任的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 3 Where a promoter concludes a contract with anyone else in the name of a company being established, if, after the company is established, the other party to the contract claims that the company shall bear contractual liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where, after a company is established, there is evidence to prove that the promoter has concluded a contract with anyone else in the name of the company being established for his own interest, if the company claims on this ground that it shall not bear contractual liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim except that the other party concluded the contract for good faith.

   　　第三条　发起人以设立中公司名义对外签订合同，公司成立后合同相对人请求公司承担合同责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　公司成立后有证据证明发起人利用设立中公司的名义为自己的利益与相对人签订合同，公司以此为由主张不承担合同责任的，人民法院应予支持，但相对人为善意的除外。
 
Article 4 Where a company fails to be established for some reason, if the creditors claim that all or some promoters shall assume joint and several liabilities for the costs and debts incurred from the establishment of the company, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where, after assuming liabilities according to the provisions in the preceding paragraph, some promoters claim that other promoters shall share the liabilities, the people's court shall order other promoters to share the liabilities according to the agreed accountability proportion; in the absence of an agreed accountability proportion, liabilities shall be shared according to the agreed proportion of capital contributions; and in the absence of an agreed proportion of capital contributions, liabilities shall be shared equally.

Where a company fails to be established due to the fault of some promoters, if other promoters claim that such promoters shall assume the costs and debts incurred from the establishment, the people's court shall, according to the fault, determine the scope of responsibilities of the party in fault.

   　　第四条　公司因故未成立，债权人请求全体或者部分发起人对设立公司行为所产生的费用和债务承担连带清偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　部分发起人依照前款规定承担责任后，请求其他发起人分担的，人民法院应当判令其他发起人按照约定的责任承担比例分担责任；没有约定责任承担比例的，按照约定的出资比例分担责任；没有约定出资比例的，按照均等份额分担责任。
　　因部分发起人的过错导致公司未成立，其他发起人主张其承担设立行为所产生的费用和债务的，人民法院应当根据过错情况，确定过错一方的责任范围。
 
Article 5 Where a promoter causes any harm to anyone else due to performance of the duty of establishing the company, if, after the establishment of the company, the victim claims that the company shall bear the compensation liability for tort, the people's court shall support such claim If the company fails to be established, and the victim claims that all the promoters shall bear joint and several liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

The company or the promoters not in fault may, after making compensations, recourse against the promoters in fault.

   　　第五条　发起人因履行公司设立职责造成他人损害，公司成立后受害人请求公司承担侵权赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持；公司未成立，受害人请求全体发起人承担连带赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　公司或者无过错的发起人承担赔偿责任后，可以向有过错的发起人追偿。
 
Article 6 Where a subscriber of a joint stock limited company fails to make payments for the shares he has subscribed to on schedule, and still fails to pay within a reasonable period after being urged by the promoters of the company, if the promoters of the company raised funds for such shares from other sources, the people's court shall determine the fund raising as valid. Where a subscriber causes any loss to the company due to his delayed payment for the shares, if the company claims that the subscriber shall make compensation, the people's court shall support such claim.  

   　　第六条　股份有限公司的认股人未按期缴纳所认股份的股款，经公司发起人催缴后在合理期间内仍未缴纳，公司发起人对该股份另行募集的，人民法院应当认定该募集行为有效。认股人延期缴纳股款给公司造成损失，公司请求该认股人承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 7 Where a capital contributor makes capital contributions with anything that he has the right to dispose of, if there arises any dispute over the validity of the act of capital contribution, the people's court may determine the validity in accordance with Article 106 of the Real Right Law.

Where the equity shares are obtained through monetary contributions which are derived from such violations of law or crimes as corruption, bribery, embezzlement and misappropriation, the people's court shall, when investigating and punishing the illegal and criminal acts, dispose of the equity shares by means of auction or sale.

   　　第七条　出资人以不享有处分权的财产出资，当事人之间对于出资行为效力产生争议的，人民法院可以参照物权法第一百零六条的规定予以认定。
　　以贪污、受贿、侵占、挪用等违法犯罪所得的货币出资后取得股权的，对违法犯罪行为予以追究、处罚时，应当采取拍卖或者变卖的方式处置其股权。
 
Article 8 Where a capital contributor makes capital contribution with the right to use allocated land or the right to use the land on which encumbrance is set up, if the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor has failed to fulfill his obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall order the party to change the title of land or lift the encumbrance within a specified reasonable time limit; and if the party fails to do so within the prescribed time limit, the people's court shall determine that the contributor has failed to fully perform the obligation of capital contribution according to law.

   　　第八条　出资人以划拨土地使用权出资，或者以设定权利负担的土地使用权出资，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人主张认定出资人未履行出资义务的，人民法院应当责令当事人在指定的合理期间内办理土地变更手续或者解除权利负担；逾期未办理或者未解除的，人民法院应当认定出资人未依法全面履行出资义务。
 
Article 9 Where a capital contributor makes capital contributions with non-monetary property which is not evaluated according to law, if the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall authorize a legally qualified evaluation institution to evaluate the property. If the price determined through evaluation is significantly lower than the price as fixed in the articles of association, the people's court shall determine that the capital contributor has failed to fully perform the obligation of capital contribution according to law.

   　　第九条　出资人以非货币财产出资，未依法评估作价，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人请求认定出资人未履行出资义务的，人民法院应当委托具有合法资格的评估机构对该财产评估作价。评估确定的价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的，人民法院应当认定出资人未依法全面履行出资义务。
 
Article 10 Where a capital contributor makes capital contributions with such property as real estate, land use right or intellectual property right for which title registration needs to be handled, which has been delivered to the company for use but the formalities for title transfer have not been handled, if the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall order the party to transfer the title within a specified reasonable period; if the capital contributor transfers the title within the aforesaid period, the people's court shall determine that he has fulfilled the obligation of capital contribution; and if the capital contributor claims to enjoy the corresponding shareholders' rights since his actual delivery of property to the company for use, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where a capital contributor makes capital contributions with a property as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, and has transferred the title but has not delivered it to the company for use, if the company or any other shareholder claims that the capital contributor shall deliver the property to the company and shall not enjoy the corresponding shareholders' rights prior to the actual delivery, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第十条　出资人以房屋、土地使用权或者需要办理权属登记的知识产权等财产出资，已经交付公司使用但未办理权属变更手续，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人主张认定出资人未履行出资义务的，人民法院应当责令当事人在指定的合理期间内办理权属变更手续；在前述期间内办理了权属变更手续的，人民法院应当认定其已经履行了出资义务；出资人主张自其实际交付财产给公司使用时享有相应股东权利的，人民法院应予支持。
　　出资人以前款规定的财产出资，已经办理权属变更手续但未交付给公司使用，公司或者其他股东主张其向公司交付、并在实际交付之前不享有相应股东权利的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 11 Where a capital contributor makes his capital contribution with the equity of another company, the people's court shall determine that the capital contributor has fulfilled the obligation of capital contribution if the following conditions are met:

(1) The equity contributed is legally held by the capital contributor and can be transferred according to law;

(2) The equity contributed is free of right-related flaws or encumbrance;

(3) The capital contributor has gone through the statutory formalities for equity transfer; and

(4) The equity contributed has been evaluated according to law.

Where the contributed equity does not conform to the provisions as set forth in Items (1), (2) and (3) of the preceding paragraph, and the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall order the capital contributor to make rectifications within a specified reasonable period to meet the aforesaid conditions; and if the capital contributor fails to make rectifications within the prescribed time limit, the people's court shall determine that he has failed to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution according to law.

Where the contributed equity does not conform to the provisions as set forth in Item (4) of the first paragraph of this Article, if the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall handle it according to Article 9 of these Provisions.

   　　第十一条　出资人以其他公司股权出资，符合下列条件的，人民法院应当认定出资人已履行出资义务：
　　（一）出资的股权由出资人合法持有并依法可以转让；
　　（二）出资的股权无权利瑕疵或者权利负担；
　　（三）出资人已履行关于股权转让的法定手续；
　　（四）出资的股权已依法进行了价值评估。
　　股权出资不符合前款第（一）、（二）、（三）项的规定，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人请求认定出资人未履行出资义务的，人民法院应当责令该出资人在指定的合理期间内采取补正措施，以符合上述条件；逾期未补正的，人民法院应当认定其未依法全面履行出资义务。
　　股权出资不符合本条第一款第（四）项的规定，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人请求认定出资人未履行出资义务的，人民法院应当按照本规定第九条的规定处理。
 
Article 12 Where, after a company is established, the company, any shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that a shareholder has withdrawn the contributed capital on the ground that the act of the shareholder falls under any of the following circumstances and has damaged the rights and interests of the company, the people's court shall support such claim:

(1) Transferring the contributed capital into the company's account and taking the capital out after capital verification;

(2) Taking out the contributed capital through fabricating claims and liabilities;

(3) Making false financial statements and distributing inflated profits arising therefrom;

(4) Transferring the contributed capital out through making use of affiliated transactions; or

(5) Other acts of withdrawing the contributed capital without statutory procedures. 

   　　第十二条　公司成立后，公司、股东或者公司债权人以相关股东的行为符合下列情形之一且损害公司权益为由，请求认定该股东抽逃出资的，人民法院应予支持：
　　（一）将出资款项转入公司账户验资后又转出；
　　（二）通过虚构债权债务关系将其出资转出；
　　（三）制作虚假财务会计报表虚增利润进行分配；
　　（四）利用关联交易将出资转出；
　　（五）其他未经法定程序将出资抽回的行为。
 
Article 13 Where a shareholder fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, if the company or any other shareholder claims that he shall fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution to the company according to law, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where the creditor of the company claims that the shareholder who has failed to fulfill or to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution shall assume supplementary compensation liability for the debts of the company that cannot be cleared to the extent of the principal and interest on the capital not contributed, the people's court shall support such claim; and where the shareholder who failed to fulfill or failed to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution has assumed the aforesaid liabilities, if any other creditor makes the same claim, the people's court shall not support it.

Where a shareholder fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution at the time of establishment of the company, if the plaintiff who initiates a lawsuit according to paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article claims that the promoters of the company and the defendant shareholder shall bear joint and several liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim; and the promoters of the company may recourse against the defendant shareholder after they have assumed the liabilities.

Where any shareholder fails to fulfill or fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution at the time of capital increase, if the plaintiff initiating a lawsuit in accordance with paragraph 1 or 2 of this Article claims that the directors or senior managers who fail to fulfill the obligations as prescribed in paragraph 1 of Article 148 of the company law and thereby cause the failure to make capital contributions in full amount shall assume the corresponding liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim; and the directors or senior managers may, after assuming the liabilities, recourse against the defendant shareholder.

   　　第十三条　股东未履行或者未全面履行出资义务，公司或者其他股东请求其向公司依法全面履行出资义务的，人民法院应予支持。
　　公司债权人请求未履行或者未全面履行出资义务的股东在未出资本息范围内对公司债务不能清偿的部分承担补充赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持；未履行或者未全面履行出资义务的股东已经承担上述责任，其他债权人提出相同请求的，人民法院不予支持。
　　股东在公司设立时未履行或者未全面履行出资义务，依照本条第一款或者第二款提起诉讼的原告，请求公司的发起人与被告股东承担连带责任的，人民法院应予支持；公司的发起人承担责任后，可以向被告股东追偿。
　　股东在公司增资时未履行或者未全面履行出资义务，依照本条第一款或者第二款提起诉讼的原告，请求未尽公司法第一百四十八条第一款规定的义务而使出资未缴足的董事、高级管理人员承担相应责任的，人民法院应予支持；董事、高级管理人员承担责任后，可以向被告股东追偿。
 
Article 14 Where any shareholder withdraws any contributed capital, if the company or any other shareholder claims that he shall refund the principal and interest on the contributed capital to the company and the other shareholders, directors, senior managers or actual controllers providing assistance in withdrawing the contributed capital shall assume joint and several liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

Where the creditors of the company claim that the shareholder who withdraws any contributed capital shall assume supplementary compensation liability for the debts of the company that cannot be cleared to the extent of the principal and interest on the capital contributions that have been withdrawn, and other shareholders, directors, senior managers or actual controllers providing assistance in withdrawing the contributed capital shall assume joint and several liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim; and where the shareholder who withdrew the contributed capital has assumed the aforesaid liabilities, if other creditors make the same claim, the people's court shall not support such claim.

   　　第十四条　股东抽逃出资，公司或者其他股东请求其向公司返还出资本息、协助抽逃出资的其他股东、董事、高级管理人员或者实际控制人对此承担连带责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　公司债权人请求抽逃出资的股东在抽逃出资本息范围内对公司债务不能清偿的部分承担补充赔偿责任、协助抽逃出资的其他股东、董事、高级管理人员或者实际控制人对此承担连带责任的，人民法院应予支持；抽逃出资的股东已经承担上述责任，其他债权人提出相同请求的，人民法院不予支持。
 
Article 15 Where a third party advances funds for a promoter to assist him to establish a company, and both parties clearly agreed that the capital contributed by the promoter shall be withdrawn after capital verification or establishment of the company to repay the third party, and the promoter can not make up the capital contribution after withdrawing the contributed capital according to the aforementioned agreement, if the relevant obligees claim that the third party shall be jointly and severally liable for the corresponding liabilities of the promoter that are generated from the withdrawal of the contributed capital, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第十五条　第三人代垫资金协助发起人设立公司，双方明确约定在公司验资后或者在公司成立后将该发起人的出资抽回以偿还该第三人，发起人依照前述约定抽回出资偿还第三人后又不能补足出资，相关权利人请求第三人连带承担发起人因抽回出资而产生的相应责任的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 16 Where, after a capital contributor makes his capital contribution with non-monetary property that meet the statutory requirements, and the contributed property is devaluated due to changes in the market or other objective factors, if the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the capital contributor shall make up the difference, the people's court shall not support such claim, unless it is otherwise agreed to by the parties concerned.

   　　第十六条　出资人以符合法定条件的非货币财产出资后，因市场变化或者其他客观因素导致出资财产贬值，公司、其他股东或者公司债权人请求该出资人承担补足出资责任的，人民法院不予支持。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。
 
Article 17 Where a shareholder fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution or withdraws the contributed capital, and the company shall, according the articles of association or resolution of the shareholders' meeting, impose corresponding reasonable restrictions on the shareholders' rights of the shareholder, such as profit distribution, the preemptive right to subscribe to new shares and the right to distribution of residual properties, if the shareholder claims the restrictions as invalid, the people's court shall not support such claim.

   　　第十七条　股东未履行或者未全面履行出资义务或者抽逃出资，公司根据公司章程或者股东会决议对其利润分配请求权、新股优先认购权、剩余财产分配请求权等股东权利作出相应的合理限制，该股东请求认定该限制无效的，人民法院不予支持。
 
Article 18 Where a shareholder of a limited liability company has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution or withdraws all the capital he has contributed, and still fails to pay or refund the capital contributions within a reasonable period after being notified by the company, and the company disqualifies him as a shareholder through a resolution of the shareholders' meeting, if the shareholder claims the disqualification as invalid, the people's court shall not support such claim.

Under the circumstance as set forth in the preceding paragraph, the people's court shall clearly explain at the time of judgment that the company shall timely handle the statutory procedures for capital decrease, otherwise the corresponding capital contributions shall be paid by other shareholders or a third party. If, before the statutory procedures for capital decrease is handled or before the payment of the corresponding capital contributions by other shareholders or a third party, the creditor of the company claims, according to Article 13 or 14 of these Provisions, that the relevant party shall assume the corresponding liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第十八条　有限责任公司的股东未履行出资义务或者抽逃全部出资，经公司催告缴纳或者返还，其在合理期间内仍未缴纳或者返还出资，公司以股东会决议解除该股东的股东资格，该股东请求确认该解除行为无效的，人民法院不予支持。
　　在前款规定的情形下，人民法院在判决时应当释明，公司应当及时办理法定减资程序或者由其他股东或者第三人缴纳相应的出资。在办理法定减资程序或者其他股东或者第三人缴纳相应的出资之前，公司债权人依照本规定第十三条或者第十四条请求相关当事人承担相应责任的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 19 Where a shareholder of a limited liability company fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution and transfers his equity shares to someone else, and the transferee knows or should have known this, if the company claims that the shareholder shall fulfill the obligation of capital contribution and the transferee shall assume joint and several liabilities for the transfer, the people's court shall support such claim; and if the creditor of the company initiates a lawsuit against the shareholder according to paragraph 2 of Article 13 of these Provisions, and simultaneously claims that the aforesaid transferee shall assume joint and several liabilities for this, the people's court shall support such claim.

If, after assuming liabilities according to the preceding paragraph, the transferee recourses against the shareholder who fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall support it, unless it is otherwise agreed to by the parties concerned. 

   　　第十九条　有限责任公司的股东未履行或者未全面履行出资义务即转让股权，受让人对此知道或者应当知道，公司请求该股东履行出资义务、受让人对此承担连带责任的，人民法院应予支持；公司债权人依照本规定第十三条第二款向该股东提起诉讼，同时请求前述受让人对此承担连带责任的，人民法院应予支持。
　　受让人根据前款规定承担责任后，向该未履行或者未全面履行出资义务的股东追偿的，人民法院应予支持。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。
 
Article 20 Where a shareholder of a company fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution or withdraws the contributed capital, and the company or any other shareholder claims that he shall fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution or refund the contributed capital, if the defendant shareholder raises a defense on the ground of the statute of limitations, the people's court shall not support such defense.

Where, according to paragraph 2 of Article 13 or paragraph 2 of Article 14 of these Provisions, a creditor of the company whose creditor's rights have not exceeded the statute of limitations claims that the shareholder who fails to fulfill or fails to fully fulfill the obligation of capital contribution or withdraws the capital he has contributed shall assume compensation liability, if the defendant shareholder raises a defense on the ground that the obligation of capital contribution or the obligation to refund the contributed capital has exceeded the statute of limitations, the people's court shall not support such defense.

   　　第二十条　公司股东未履行或者未全面履行出资义务或者抽逃出资，公司或者其他股东请求其向公司全面履行出资义务或者返还出资，被告股东以诉讼时效为由进行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。
　　公司债权人的债权未过诉讼时效期间，其依照本规定第十三条第二款、第十四条第二款的规定请求未履行或者未全面履行出资义务或者抽逃出资的股东承担赔偿责任，被告股东以出资义务或者返还出资义务超过诉讼时效期间为由进行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。
 
Article 21 Where there arises any dispute between the parties over whether the obligation of capital contribution has been fulfilled, if the plaintiff provides evidence for casting reasonable doubt on the shareholder's fulfillment of the obligation of capital contribution, the defendant shareholder shall bear the burden to prove that he has fulfilled the obligation of capital contribution.

   　　第二十一条　当事人之间对是否已履行出资义务发生争议，原告提供对股东履行出资义务产生合理怀疑证据的，被告股东应当就其已履行出资义务承担举证责任。
 
Article 22 Where a party initiates a lawsuit in the people's court, pleading for confirming its shareholders' qualifications, the defendant shall be the company and the person has an interest in the equity under dispute in the case shall participate in the lawsuit as a third party.

   　　第二十二条　当事人向人民法院起诉请求确认其股东资格的，应当以公司为被告，与案件争议股权有利害关系的人作为第三人参加诉讼。
 
Article 23 Where there arises any dispute between the parties over the ownership of the equity, if one party pleads with the people's court to confirm its right to the equity, it shall prove any of the following facts:

(1) It has made or subscribed to capital contributions to the company according to law, which has not violated the mandatory provisions of laws and regulations; or

(2) It has accepted or succeeded the equity of the company in any other form, which has not violated the mandatory provisions of laws and regulations.

   　　第二十三条　当事人之间对股权归属发生争议，一方请求人民法院确认其享有股权的，应当证明以下事实之一：
　　（一）已经依法向公司出资或者认缴出资，且不违反法律法规强制性规定；
　　（二）已经受让或者以其他形式继受公司股权，且不违反法律法规强制性规定。
 
Article 24 Where a party fulfills the obligation of capital contribution or succeeds to the equity according to law, but the company does not issue a capital contribution certificate, or record him in the roaster of shareholders and does not handle the registration formalities at the company registration authority according to Article 32 or Article 33 of the company law, if the party claims that the company shall fulfill the aforesaid obligations, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第二十四条　当事人依法履行出资义务或者依法继受取得股权后，公司未根据公司法第三十二条、第三十三条的规定签发出资证明书、记载于股东名册并办理公司登记机关登记，当事人请求公司履行上述义务的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 25 Where the actual contributor enters into an agreement with a nominal contributor of a limited liability company, which stipulates that the actual contributor shall make capital contributions and enjoy the investment rights and interests, and the nominal contributor shall be the nominal shareholder, and there arises any dispute between the actual contributor and the nominal shareholder over the validity of the contract, if it does not fall into any of the circumstances as prescribed in Article 52 of the Contract Law, the people's court shall determine the contract valid.

Where there arises any dispute between the actual contributor and the nominal shareholder as prescribed in the preceding paragraph over the ownership of the investment rights and interests, if the actual contributor claims right against the nominal shareholder on the ground that he has actually fulfilled the obligation of capital contribution, the people's court shall support such claim. If the nominal shareholder denies the rights of the actual contributor on the ground of the records in the roaster of shareholders of the company or registration at the company registration authority, the people's court shall not support such a denial. 

Where, without the consent of more than half of other shareholders of the company, the actual contributor requests the company to change the shareholder, issue a capital contribution certificate, record him in the roaster of shareholders, or record him in the articles of association and go through the registration formalities at the company registration authority, the people's court shall not support such a request.

   　　第二十五条　有限责任公司的实际出资人与名义出资人订立合同，约定由实际出资人出资并享有投资权益，以名义出资人为名义股东，实际出资人与名义股东对该合同效力发生争议的，如无合同法第五十二条规定的情形，人民法院应当认定该合同有效。
　　前款规定的实际出资人与名义股东因投资权益的归属发生争议，实际出资人以其实际履行了出资义务为由向名义股东主张权利的，人民法院应予支持。名义股东以公司股东名册记载、公司登记机关登记为由否认实际出资人权利的，人民法院不予支持。
　　实际出资人未经公司其他股东半数以上同意，请求公司变更股东、签发出资证明书、记载于股东名册、记载于公司章程并办理公司登记机关登记的，人民法院不予支持。
 
Article 26 Where a nominal shareholder transfers, pledges or disposes of in any other manner the equity registered under his name, if the actual contributor claims to determine the disposal of the equity invalid on the ground that he enjoys actual right to the equity, the people's court may handle the case according to Article 106 of the Real Right Law.

Where the nominal shareholder has caused any loss to the actual contributor due to disposal of his equity, if the actual contributor claims that the nominal shareholder shall assume the compensation liability, the people's court shall support such claim.

   　　第二十六条　名义股东将登记于其名下的股权转让、质押或者以其他方式处分，实际出资人以其对于股权享有实际权利为由，请求认定处分股权行为无效的，人民法院可以参照物权法第一百零六条的规定处理。
　　名义股东处分股权造成实际出资人损失，实际出资人请求名义股东承担赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 27 Where, on the ground that the shareholder registered in the company registration authority has failed to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, and the creditor of the company claims that the shareholder shall assume supplementary compensation liability for the debts of the company that cannot be cleared to the extent of the principal and interest on the capital not contributed, if the shareholder raises a defense on the ground that he is only a nominal shareholder rather than an actual contributor, the people's court shall not support such a defense.

If, after assuming the compensation liability according to the preceding paragraph, the nominal shareholder recourses against the actual contributor, the people's court shall support it.

   　　第二十七条　公司债权人以登记于公司登记机关的股东未履行出资义务为由，请求其对公司债务不能清偿的部分在未出资本息范围内承担补充赔偿责任，股东以其仅为名义股东而非实际出资人为由进行抗辩的，人民法院不予支持。
　　名义股东根据前款规定承担赔偿责任后，向实际出资人追偿的，人民法院应予支持。
 
Article 28 Where the modification registration has not yet been handled at the company registration authority after the transfer of equity, and the original shareholder transfers, pledges or disposes of in any other manner the equity which is still registered under his name, if the transferee shareholder claims the disposal of the equity as invalid on the ground that he enjoys actual right to the equity, the people's court may handle the case according to Article 106 of the Real Right Law.

Where the original shareholder has caused any loss to the transferee shareholder due to the disposal of the equity, if the transferee shareholder claims that the original shareholder shall assume the compensation liability and the directors, senior managers or the actual controllers who were at fault in the failure to timely handle the modification registration shall assume the corresponding liabilities, the people's court shall support such claim; and if the transferee shareholder also was also at fault in the failure to timely handle the modification registration, the liabilities of the aforesaid directors, senior managers or actual controllers may be appropriately reduced.

   　　第二十八条　股权转让后尚未向公司登记机关办理变更登记，原股东将仍登记于其名下的股权转让、质押或者以其他方式处分，受让股东以其对于股权享有实际权利为由，请求认定处分股权行为无效的，人民法院可以参照物权法第一百零六条的规定处理。
　　原股东处分股权造成受让股东损失，受让股东请求原股东承担赔偿责任、对于未及时办理变更登记有过错的董事、高级管理人员或者实际控制人承担相应责任的，人民法院应予支持；受让股东对于未及时办理变更登记也有过错的，可以适当减轻上述董事、高级管理人员或者实际控制人的责任。
 
Article 29 Whoever makes capital contributions by fraudulently using the name of anyone else and registers such person as a shareholder at the company registration authority shall assume the corresponding liabilities; and if, on the ground of failure to fulfill the obligation of capital contribution, the company, any other shareholder or the creditor of the company claims that the person who is registered as a shareholder with his name fraudulently used shall assume the liability to make up the difference in capital contributions or assume the compensation liability for the debts of the company that cannot be cleared, the people's court shall not support such claim.
   　　第二十九条　冒用他人名义出资并将该他人作为股东在公司登记机关登记的，冒名登记行为人应当承担相应责任；公司、其他股东或者公司债权人以未履行出资义务为由，请求被冒名登记为股东的承担补足出资责任或者对公司债务不能清偿部分的赔偿责任的，人民法院不予支持。